The impact of theHondo dzeNyikapamusoro pehupfumi hwepasi rose inyaya yekudzidza kwakadzama uye gakava pakati pevanyori venhoroondo uye vezvehupfumi zvakafanana. Hondo mbiri huru dzomuzana ramakore rechi20—Hondo yeNyika I neHondo yeNyika II—yakaumba kwete bedzi chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chamarudzi asiwo gadziriro dzoupfumi dzinodzora ukama hwamarudzi ose nhasi. Kunzwisisa kurudziro iyi kwakakosha pakunzwisisa mamiriro akaita hupfumi hwenyika. Hondo Yenyika I (1914-1918) yakaratidzira chinjo huru mumasimba masimba oupfumi hwenyika yose. Hondo yakakonzera kuparara kweumambo, kusanganisira Austro-Hungarian neOttoman Empires, uye zvakaguma nekubuda kwemarudzi matsva. Chibvumirano cheVersailles muna 1919 chakaisa kudzoreredza kwakanyanya kuGermany, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana kwehupfumi muWeimar Republic.
Kusagadzikana uku kwakakonzera hyperinflation mukutanga kwema1920s, iyo yakave nemhedzisiro muEurope nepasirese. Theeconomicnyongano yenguva yehondo yakagadzira danho reKuderera Kukuru Kwemari, uko kwakatanga muna 1929 uye kwakava nemigumisiro inoparadza pakutengeserana kwenyika yose nemabasa. Migumisiro yezvemari yeHondo Yenyika I yakakonzerawo kuchinja kukuru mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri nemisika yevashandi. Nyika dzakanga dzambovimba nekurima dzakatanga kusimukira nokukurumidza kuti dziite zvaidiwa munguva yehondo. Kuchinja uku hakuna kungoshandura hupfumi chete asiwo kwakashandura magariro evanhu, sezvo vakadzi vaipinda mukushanda nehuwandu husati hwamboitika. Hondo yakakonzera kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kunyanya mukugadzira nekufambisa, iyo yaizozoita basa rakakosha mukudzoreredza hupfumi muzana ramakore re20. Hondo Yenyika II (1939-1945) yakawedzera kuwedzera uku kuchinja kwehupfumi. Kuedza kwehondo kwaida kuunganidzwa kukuru kwezviwanikwa, zvichitungamira kune zvitsva muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye kugadzwa kwehupfumi munguva yehondo.
United States yakabuda sesimba rehupfumi hwepasi rose, yakawedzera maindasitiri ayo zvakanyanya kutsigira mauto eAllied. Nguva yapashure pehondo yakaona kushanda kweMarshall Plan, iyo yakapa rubatsiro rwemari mukuvakazve upfumi hweEurope. Danho iri harina kungobatsira chete kudzikamisa nyika dzasakadzwa nehondo asiwo rakakurudzira kushandira pamwe mune zveupfumi uye kubatana, richiisa hwaro hweEuropean Union. Musangano weBretton Woods muna 1944 wakagadzira hurongwa hutsva hwemari hwepasi rose, kugadzira masangano akaita seInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) neWorld Bank. Aya masangano akananga kusimudzira kugadzikana kwehupfumi hwenyika uye kudzivirira mhando yematambudziko ehupfumi akange atambudza makore ehondo. Kugadzwa kwemitengo yekuchinjana uye dhora rekuAmerica semari inochengeterwa pasi rose kwakafambisa kutengeserana nekudyara kwepasi rose, zvichiwedzera kubatanidza hupfumi hwenyika.
Pesvedzero yeHondo dzeNyika pamitemo yezvemari inogona kunzwika nhasi. Zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa kubva mukusamira zvakanaka kwehupfumi kwekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 zvakaumba nzira dzemazuva ano dzemutemo wezvemari nezvemari. Hurumende dzave kukoshesa kugadzikana kwehupfumi uye kukura, kazhinji dzichishandisa matanho ekurwisa kudzikamisa mhedzisiro yekudzikira. Zvakare, iyo geopolitical landscape yakaumbwa neHondo Yenyika inoramba ichikanganisa hukama hwehupfumi. Kusimuka kwehupfumi huri kusimukira, kunyanya muAsia, kwachinja kuenzana kwesimba mukutengeserana kwenyika. Nyika dzakaita seChina neIndia dzave vatambi vane hunyanzvi muhupfumi hwenyika, vachipikisa hutongi hwenyika dzekumavirira dzakakunda muhondo dzepasi rose.
Mukupedzisa, pesvedzero yeHondo dzeNyika pahupfumi hwenyika hwakadzama uye hwakawanda. Kubva pakuputsika kwehumambo uye kusimuka kwenyika itsva kusvika pakuvambwa kwemasangano ezvemari epasi rose, kusawirirana uku kwakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pazvimiro zvehupfumi uye mitemo. Sezvo nyika inoenderera mberi nekutarisa matambudziko akaomarara ehupfumi, kunzwisisa mamiriro enhoroondo iyi kwakakosha mukukurudzira kukura kwakasimba uye kubatana muhupfumi hwenyika hunowedzera.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-08-2024